Not For Copy paste in THesis or Assignments. Please Modified again if need for the use of other application (Any consequences will not be responsible by the author if catch of plagarism) Thanks-
Metals Analyser The Proper Procedures By: CHEW A.W.
Initial work Reference electrode preparation
a) Removed all caps (red, blue and white) from the three electrodes.
b)Always ensure the reference electrode (White top) is full of reference electrolyte.
c) Ensure no bubbles in the electrolyte.
d) For the glassy carbon working electrode (blue top) make sure the tip is shiny balck colour, no cracks,no hole or dirt. Rinse it in distilled water and polishing it with supplied polishing kit. ( recommended that the glassy carbon be dipped for 60 seconds in 2M sodium Hydroxide solution (NaOH) and rinse with deionized water.
e)Counter electrode reuired no preparation (No need).
f) Take off the cap from the electrode holder and insert the three electrodes into the corresponding colour by attaching with correct connectors. (DO NOT TOUCH THE
ELECTRODE SURFACE!)
2 Then only come to Instrument setup. (General knowledge – I teach you already or refer to the CD short clips))
3 Sample Preparation ( IMPORTANT!!)
a) Raw sample need electrolyte to ensure efficient conductivity ( more like plating process application)
b) dilution if for stand alone case is in ratio of 1:1. ( maximum fill in cup analysis is 20ml++)
c)At this step: Please refer to the application notes in the white folder file which I kept. (Because in it contains different metals application and different dilution for it)
d) example: 10 mL raw sample + 10 mL electrolyte in analysis cup.
4 Standard Preparation
a)When using PDV 6000 plus,is best chose standard concentration that is nearest to the expected concentration range. (above or below the target limit)
b) Remind ( very helpful for use please remember 100ppb = 0.1 ppm)
c) Please refer to this I test it and more accurate: (also refer to the papers application in folder)
I. Required standard concentration: 10 ppb; Electrolyte volume will be: 20 ml; 20ppm stock standard volume need is : 10 µL
II. Required standard concentration: 50 ppb; Electrolyte volume will be: 20 ml; 20ppm stock standard volume need is : 50 µL
III. Required standard concentration: 200 ppb; Electrolyte volume will be: 20 ml; 20ppm stock standard volume need is : 200 µL
IV. Required standard concentration: 800 ppb; Electrolyte volume will be: 19 ml; 20ppm stock standard volume need is : 800 µL
V. Required standard concentration: 2000 ppb; Electrolyte volume will be: 18 ml; 20ppm stock standard volume need is : 2 µL
VI. Required standard concentration: 8000 ppb; Electrolyte volume will be: 12 ml; 20ppm stock standard volume need is : 8 µL
Noted that all of the standard solution be used is only 10 times, after 10 times must prepare a new standard or else YOUR RESULTS will be not accurate (differ widely from expectation- I was shocked when 1st time use as I am the 1st to used it in whole University Science Malaysia, the testing took me months to get it right)
Then follow as below steps to run the detection of metals ion concentration.
FOR THE VAS/ STANDALONE CASE PDV 6000 plus (meaning only the analyzer without connecting to electricity source by only using batteries)
FIVE MAIN STEPS: (For field work)
1) Sample preparation
2) Electrodes preparation
3) Running blank
4) Analyzed standard of known concentration
5) Analyzed samples
These procedures is also similar to the VAS when PDV 6000 plus is attached to your laptop or PC.
Scientific approach in West Africa discovered that the air quality is very poor and if you stay there probably after 10 more years you will be contaminated if you have low immune system and worst case lung disease, cancer and many more will come to you (this is not Justified-Just speculation based in opinion ha ha NO Offence Please!). Such a place is only suitable for short visit and wild animals viewing.
The proofs conducted by Olade (1987) showed that the Pb emissions in air at ground level are higher than for cities like London (UK) and New York. However is similar case as Brazil or Carribbean. Not to mentioned nowadays must be more worst!
It is also reported that the dust there in the densely populated areas of the city like Lagos is contaminated with Pb as high as 800 µg/gm. Road side soils also contained 70-100 µg/gm of Pb. (Pb here is mean Lead). The City roads are said to generally untarred thus imagine if accidentally inhaled those dust and air. .Many source of air pollution can be found there as mentioned by Olade (1987) such as industrial emissions, power plants (near urban areas-can visit and see by yourself-anonymous opinion!), disposal of natural gas flaring is widely practiced in Nigeria (Oil-fields- such example in city of Port Harcourt).
Olade (1987) available at:
“ http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:pAsv_2GbpQgJ:dge.stanford.edu/SCOPE/SCOPE_31/SCOPE_31_2.15_Chapter20_335-341.pdf+Metal+Pollution&hl=en&gl=my&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgTjnDOpiMHcnMhVp-g5GMc7JQcuMQdFBpbfyIEsBWe92sdVjg52z6yGumIl8f2pc3C9k_yu5c0IdvdtrJMLJLa0AVslhjiaN1GvyvOzRrWtW-QzNgtxB1R_gWPB5MgCGmL8_A0&sig=AHIEtbRqY-QuushMhqzqyOqkPE4pChSnbg “
As for water pollution is my specialty where proofs is numerous. Don’t drink untreated water there (raw groundwater and raw surface water is totally prohibited-Chew (2010).
According to literature review and study showed that in Africa certain area with several small industry (batteries, paint manufacturing and petroleum refining, cement and many more......)There is no centralized sewage systems (even if nowadays there is rather very few exist or even none-Don’t take any risk –by anonymous) and industrialized effluents usually discharged into streams, lagoons, open drains,and other water systems untreated with high concentration of HEAVY METALS (Pb, Cd and Cu in some localized area). At Ibadan area is contaminated by Pb (Mombeshora et al., 1983).
MombeshoraC., Osinbanjo. O. and Ajayi, S.O. (1983) Pollution studies on Nigerian rivers: the onset of lead pollution of surface waters in Ibadan. Environmen. Int. 9: 81-84.
More can be found through this link: http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/263485
Below are just some partly relevant information on water contamination in Africa.
Reference can be obtained by self search based on given information in this " International Science Society ~Blog"
Happy readings to all !
Any Ideas and comments please be happy to provide us for the future generation of scientis internationally.
Update of oncoming will be on July 2010.....
